Quiz Carriera diplomatica, 50 posti Segretario di legislazione in prova.

Read the text and answer the questions.
HOW TERRITORIAL ISSUES COULD IMPACT SECURITY GUARANTEES TO UKRAINE.
External guarantors, according to the chief negotiator of the Ukranian delegation, would hold consultations "within three days of the start of war, aggression, military operation, any hybrid and disguised [1] , war against Ukraine." They would then be "legally obliged to provide military assistance" to Ukraine "in the form of armaments and closure of the skies." The proposal identified the United States, Great Britain, France, China, Russia, Turkey, Germany, Canada, Italy, Poland and Israel as possible guarantors, leaving open the possibility that other states could be added. The Ukrainian government is negotiating with these potential guarantors bilaterally. A final peace agreement would be subject to a national referendum in Ukraine, while would-be guarantors would require approval from their national parliaments to grant Ukraine security guarantees. In the early period of negotiations, the Ukrainian and Russian positions on some of the major issues at stake [2]were far apart. Since then, negotiations have all but stalled, and may remain so given reports of Russian atrocities against civilians. Although the possibility of reaching a final agreement remains distant and uncertain, territorial issues will present a complex problem for potential guarantors moving forward.
Territory claimed by the two so-called "people's republics" in Ukraine's Donetsk and Luhansk regions (DNR and LNR, respectively); and the fluctuating Russian control of territory in Ukraine's north, east and south since its February 24 invasion. Currently, Russia is focusing its efforts in the south along the Black Sea and in east in the Donbas while slowing its operational tempo slightly in the north, but conditions on the battlefield change regularly.
The Ukrainian delegation has provided some insight into their thinking on the first two issues. Concerning Crimea, the proposal includes a 15-year Russia-Ukraine negotiation process on its status, which stipulates that neither side will resort to the use of force to change the status quo during that period. The status of the Donbas, meanwhile, would be subject to a future presidential-level discussion. At the same time, Ukrainian negotiators have insisted that their government continues to recognize Ukraine's 1991 border - a Ukraine that includes Crimea and the entirety of Donetsk and Luhansk regions. Although the Ukrainian negotiating team indicated that the sides might agree to disagree on the status of these territories - that is, neither side would accept the other's claims in Crimea or the Donbas - this is a gray area that presents a potential issue for any external guarantors: Would security guarantees cover Crimea and both breakaway regions in the Donbas? The Ukrainian delegation indicated that Crimea would not fall under this provision during the proposed bilateral negotiation period, so security guarantees would not extend to the peninsula for the time being.
The "people's republics" in Donetsk and Luhansk, however, present a thornier [5] problem for any security guarantees to Ukraine. Just before the invasion, Russia recognized the independence of both regions and signed treaties [3] of "friendship and mutual assistance" with each. This recognition included the entirety of both statelets' territorial claims, which extend to all of Donetsk and Luhansk oblasts (instead of just the approximately one-third of each region that the DNR and LNR controlled before the invasion). The Russian military's stated goal in the so-called second phase of its military operation is "the liberation of the Donbas." At a minimum, this objective suggests that it will seek to consolidate its hold on the DNR and LNR and surrounding territory in the near term. Thus [5], it remains unclear whether an external security guarantee would include only a part of Donetsk and Luhansk regions, or if those regions would be left out entirely.
The Ukrainian delegation has indicated that the pre-invasion occupied portions of Donetsk and Luhansk would be exempt from security guarantees, like Crimea. But given that Russia supports full DNR and LNR control of Donetsk and Luhansk, how should a potential security guarantor assess providing assurances in this situation? Any potential guarantor must carefully consider what outcome it is willing to accept and communicate that to the Ukrainian negotiating team, as the security guarantee provision is central to Ukraine's proposal.